The last lesson before we get to a small story.

Really a simple lesson...........that other direction: TO, toward, at, snuggled up under.

This direction uses the same form as the actee: Marcum Brutum; lupum, and so on.

The word for "to, toward, at" is "ad".

Ad casam...toward the house, to the house.

Ad forum.........to the forum.

Ad lupum...........toward the wolf.

Then the strange little word "sub". You have to watch this one: if it's with a word in the actee form........it's snuggled up under [as a result of going there]. The man made camp "sub collem." "Snuggled up under the hill." But the treasure he was after was "sub colle", "located under the hill."

Gladius iacet [lies] sub gladiatorem........."right up next to the gladiator."

Gladius iacet sub gladiatore..........."underneath the gladiator."

Tricky little fellow, that "sub" word.

The word "in" can do exactly the same thing: if "in colle" it's "upon the hill," like a tree "on the hill", while it's "in collem", it's "right into the hill," like a tunnel.  One is the "location" ending. The other is the "actee" ending.

Gladius in lupo est. The sword is in the wolf.

Gladiator saxum in casa iacit. The gladiator throws a stone in the house. [He is standing in the house and he throws a stone.] A location.

Gladiator saxum in casam iacit. The gladiator throws a stone into the house. [He is outside the door, throwing a stone into the house.] A target.

You can see that the -am ending on an actee and the -am ending on the 'object' of "in" both make the word in question kind of like a receiver-of-motion. Not a location --- but a target. Brutus kills poor Caesar; and the gladiator throws the stone "at the house" ["ad casam" or "into the house."

English can get much more specific, "against the house, up against the house, and so on. Latin just uses a single word WITH a spelling that indicates whether the word is a "receiver-of-motion" or a "location." Both systems work, obviously. Both are simple in their way. They're just different.

Caesar ad navem ambulat. Caesar gladium portat. Caesar in casá stat. Caesar et Antonius in foro ambulant. Caesar et Antonius in forum ambulant. Gladiator lupum gladio necat.

A new vocabulary word: mittere mittit. This is a wonderful word. It means "open the hand and allow the object to take its natural course." It means "let go, loose, fire, send, transmit, drop, allow to fall, lose, release, or anything else appropriate to the moment and the kind of thing you have in your hand."

Caesar gladium mittit. Caesar saxum mittit. Gladiator et miles saxum portant. Gladiator et miles saxum mittunt. [It's only one rock, note!] Caesar navem mittit. Caesar militem mittit.

So with this tenth lesson you now have the fluency of about half a year of study in the traditional way; you know more about some things, less about a few; but you can now read a small story and learn to associate new words with pictures.